Cognition/brain health supplements for dogs

Ketone-based alternative brain fuel. Multiple randomized controlled trials show cognitive improvement in aged or epileptic dogs, including an independent double-blind crossover using MCT oil supplementation. The strongest data come from MCT-enriched diets at substantial inclusion (roughly 5.5 to 9 percent of calories), so a small oil supplement may not reach the studied intake.

Antioxidant-fortified diets and supplements (vitamin E and C, selenium, flavonoids, carotenoids, sometimes with phosphatidylserine or omega-3) have shown modest cognitive benefit in aged dogs and in canine cognitive dysfunction. Evidence is mostly small, often industry-linked trials and diet studies rather than isolated antioxidant supplements, so the signal is real but weak and hard to attribute to the antioxidants alone.

Studied for canine cognitive dysfunction with some behavioral improvement; limited.